魏晋南北朝散文

魏晋南北朝时期，历时约400年，社会处于长期分裂和动荡不安的状态.在这复杂的历史情况下，中国文学也经历了许多变化，但它是文学走上独立自觉的时代.这一时期的散文，不仅讲求遣词造句的艺术技巧，逐渐走向骈偶化，而且在表达社会政治见解的同时，个人抒情色彩也越来越浓厚.整个时期，骈文有突出发展，在散文中占据统治地位.魏晋时期的散文，当首推曹氏父子三人.曹操的《求贤令》等文，清峻通脱，质朴简约；曹丕的《与吴质书》等书札，清丽绰约，富于情意；曹植的表章多有哀怨，书札（如《与杨德祖书》）情浓词美.“建安七子”则各有所长，如孔融的文章刚健锋利，陈琳的檄文铺张扬厉，阮瑀的符檄文思敏捷.其他如蜀国的诸葛亮《出师表》，言辞恳切，被认为是章表类的一篇杰作.魏晋之交的散文，多论难之作、玄理之辩、嫉世之辞.阮籍的名作《大人先生传》语重意奇；嵇康的《管蔡论》、《与山巨源绝交书》明快犀利.他们都长于辩论.王弼、何晏的文章不多，也不如阮、嵇的文章感人，但尚能深辩玄理，言约意深.西晋时期的散文走向骈偶化了，文体也越来越多.陆机被认为是骈文的奠基者，《豪士赋序》等能把说理与抒情结合起来；潘岳擅长哀诔文.东晋时期仍盛行骈文，但也有人以散驭骈，成绩突出.王羲之的《兰亭集序》笔势飘逸，清淡而多情.陶渊明是这一时期重要的散文家，文章自然淡泊而内涵丰富，用山水田园、人情物态的描写，代替了魏晋间的玄学佛理的空谈.他的《桃花源记》、《归去来兮辞序》、《五柳先生传》等是千古传诵的不朽名篇.南北朝散文，指南方的宋、齐、梁、陈四代和北方的北魏、北齐、北周三代的散文.整个南朝时期，除部分论议、奏疏外，骈文在散文中占统治地位.讲究语句偶俪、音调铿锵、对仗用典的文体，起自东汉，经过西晋至南朝，特别是齐永明以后，已成熟而定型.作家们撰文一是在隶事用典上更加繁富复杂，二是追求声律的和谐更加自觉，三是句式愈趋整齐，大多以四、六句为主.南朝文常被后人视为文风卑弱的标本，这同作家们大部分出身豪门世族，过着养尊处优的生活，缺乏对广大人民的生活感受，又不能直面现实政治生活有关，以致文章内容空泛，风格轻靡.虽然不少优秀的叙事文、抒情文与议论文也能做到内容与形式的完美统一，但大多数文章却被骈四骊六等形式束缚.南朝骈文的优秀作家有鲍照、江淹、刘峻、徐陵、沈约等人.代表性作品则有鲍照的描写山水风景的名篇《登大雷岸与妹书》，丘迟的喻理动情的名篇《与陈伯书》，孔稚珪的讽刺假隐士的俳谐名篇《北山移文》等.北朝文学不仅兴起晚，成就也不如南朝.北魏前期，几乎没有产生过什么作品，散文也不例外，直到孝文帝元宏年间迁都洛阳后，大力推行汉化政策，才有文人逐渐开始致力诗文创作.但初时文人如温子昇、邢劭等，作文大都受南方文人的影响.直到两魏末年，梁代作家庾信、王褒等来到长安，一时间北周文人所作的骈文多了起来.庾信是这个时代成就最高、影响最大的骈文家，当时与徐陵齐名，号称“徐庾体”，其风格苍凉悲愤，笔力刚劲，用典与对偶的技巧圆熟.他撰写的《哀江南赋序》是名篇，被人们称为一首无韵的抒情诗.整体看北朝文重气质，便于时用，但大都为骈体文，又有其局限性.属于散体的文章，则有郦道元的《水经注》、杨炫之的《洛阳伽蓝记》和颜之推的《颜氏家训》。前两部书重辞藻，有不少佳作，如《水经注》中的写景文字，《洛阳伽蓝记》中记述佛寺掌故时兼及贵族淫靡生活的文字；后一部书重说理，所以虽然不是纯文学作品，却颇有文采，被后人喜爱.散文家.骈文家 Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties period, which lasted about 400 years, the society is a long-term state of division and unrest. In this complex historical circumstances, the Chinese literature, has seen many changes, but it is an independent course consciously literary era. This period prose, not only stress on words and sentences of the art techniques, gradually moving towards Pian dual use, and expressing political views at the same time, individuals are increasingly strong lyrical color. Throughout the period, parallel prose has achieved outstanding development in the prose is dominant. Wei and Jin Dynasties prose, when the devaluation Cao three sons. Cao Cao's "Careers order" and other text, the Qing Jun Tetrapanax, rustic simplicity; Cao Pi's "quality and Wu Shu" and so on Shuzha, Qingli graceful, rich in affection; Cao Zhi The multi-Biao Zhang are complaining, and Shuzha (such as "with Yang Dezu book") Qingnong the word America. "Jian-Seven" and then have their own strengths, such as Jung's article energetic sharp, the call to arms shop Zhang Yang Chen Lin Li, Ruan Yu's Si Fu quick call to arms. others such as Zhuge Liang Shu, "Inst", words sincerely, is considered a masterpiece of a chapter in Table class. Wei at the turn of essays, many on the difficulty of making, Kuromasa of the debate, the jealous world of words. Ruan Ji's masterpiece, "Biography of Mr. adults," re-phrase meaning odd; Ji Kang's "possession Tsai theory" and "break off relations with the mountain giant source book" bright sharp. They are longer than the debate. Wang Bi, He Yan few articles, not as Nguyen, Ji article moving, but still capable of deep debate Kuromasa, words about the deep meaning. Western Jin Dynasty period, even literary style of prose direction, and style is also increasing. Lu is considered the founder of Parallel Prose, "hou brothers fu Preface", etc. reasoning can combine with the lyrical; Pan specializes in grief eulogy text. is still prevalent during the Eastern Jin Dynasty parallel prose, but also someone loose Yu Pian, with flying colors. Wang Xizhi's "Orchid Pavilion Preface" gesture elegant, light and sentimental. Tao is during this period an important essayist, the article naturally indifferent to the rich content, with the landscape and pastoral, and human physical state of the description, instead of between the Wei and Jin metaphysics Buddhist rhetoric. His "Land of Peach Blossoms," "Homeward Bound speech sequence", "Five Mr. Yoo Biography" is a famous article immortality passed down through the ages. Southern and Northern Dynasties prose, the guide side of the Song, Qi, Liang, Chen four generations of the North and the Northern Wei, Northern Qi Dynasty, Northern Zhou three generations of prose. throughout the Southern Dynasty, in addition to part of the theory proposed , memorial to the throne, the parallel prose in prose dominant. pay attention to statements even Li, sonorous tone, parallelism with the Code style, starting at the Eastern Han Dynasty, after the Western Jin Dynasty to the Southern Dynasties, especially the Qi Yongming, there has been mature shape. writers the author a is the scribe with the Code on the matter is more complicated Shigetomi the second is the pursuit of the harmony of sound laws have become more conscious third sentence getting neat, mostly four-, six main. Southern style of writing the text is often regarded as inferior descendants weak The specimens, which came with the writers most wealthy aristocratic family, lived a pampered life, the lack of majority of the people lived and felt, can not face the reality of political life of the result, the article is too vague, style, light extravagant. Although many excellent narrative Wen, Shuqing Wen Wen can be done with the discussion of content and form a perfect unity, but most of the article been the form side by side four Li-6 binding. Southern pianwen Baozhao outstanding writers, Jiang Yan, Liu Jun, Xu Ling, Shen Yue and others. representative works there Baozhao Landscapes's famous description of "landing Dalei shore and the girl the book," Li Yu Qiu late estrous's famous "and the Uncle books," Kong Zhi Gui satire fake hermit The Humorous famous article, "Kitayama shift the text" and so on. Northern Dynasties literature is not only the rise of late, not as achievements of the Southern Dynasties. the early Northern Wei Dynasty, almost failed to produce works of prose is no exception, until the Emperor Xiaowen Yuan-hong Qiandouluoyang years later, vigorously promote Speaking of policy that is committed to the literati gradually began writing poetry. However, scholars such as Atsuko liters initially, Xing Shao and so on, writing mostly affected by the impact of the Southern literati. until the two Wei Dynasty, Yu Xin Liang on behalf of the writer, Wang Bao and so came to Chang'an, a time by the Northern Zhou Dynasty literati Pianwen more up. Yu Xin is the highest achievement of this era, the greatest impact Pianwen home, was as famous and Xu Ling, known as "Xu Yu body" and its style of bleak anger, vigor bold, with code and dual skills proficient. He is the author of "grief-stricken southern Fu sequence" is a famous article, is known as a non-rhyme lyric poetry. as a whole to see the Northern Dynasties Fumie temperament, easy to time, but mostly parallel style text, has its limitations. belonging to granular articles, there are Li Tao Yuan's "Waterways," Yang-hyun of the "Record of Buddhist Temples in Luoyang" and Yan Zhitui's "Yanshijiaxun." The first two books re-rhetoric, there are a lot of excellent work, such as "Waterways," to paint a portrait in words, "Record of Buddhist Temples in Luoyang" in accounts of Buddhist stories of the past when the chief and the noble Yinmi living language; a book after re-reasoning, so although is not a purely literary works, but rather literary talent, were descendants loved. essayist. Pianwen home

这两天一直留恋忘返于“红袖的论坛”中，即使因为看得太久的原故，已眼花缭乱，头脑也有点发胀，但生涩的眼还是不愿离开那缱绻曼妙的作品。我恨自己笨拙的手，不能梦笔生花，写不出优美洒脱的文字，是否因为我曾粗心把老师赠送那支刻有“梦笔生花”钢笔弄丢了，所以用此来对我的惩罚；我怨自己没有一颗玲珑的心，所以没有横溢的才华，开不出朵朵迷人的花；真是“书到用时方恨少”，我怨自己从小不懂得用心学习，以至我曾看过的书已成过眼云烟，如今的才疏学浅；贪心的我多么的希冀自己能过目不忘，好让我在这人深夜静的时刻，把你们真切细腻的心一一收藏心底。

在这多姿多彩的世界，心又如何逃得过这或缠绵悱恻或洋洋洒洒的文字劫，又怎能舍它而去呢！一遍遍地她们细腻优美的文笔，又一次次地回味，这只只优美的文字，像一只只飞舞的蝴蝶，萦绕着我的梦，驱之不去，挥之不散，让我深深地沉醉。原想一路无言，因为不想让我粗陋的字迹印下，而污染了这一片片的美丽，使它缀满点点的瑕疵；但为何我又如此地情不自甘，一次次不经意地写下，写了又删，删了又写，还是忍耐不住地发送出去，用自己的浅言来表达对你们的爱，来慰藉自己的心。无意去惊醒你们的梦，就让你们继续沉醉，我只是轻轻地划过而已。今夜我依然无法为你们激情高歌，只想在我的世界里轻轻地吟唱。

古人曾说“书中自有黄金屋，书中自有颜如玉”如今我却想说“网中也有黄金屋，网中也有颜如玉”，从来都是羡慕你们的，看着你们欢快地贫嘴，欣赏着你们相聚时幸福的图片，既然无缘走进你们的空间，就让我安心地做一片平平常常的绿叶。一无所有的我，又企能有太多的妄想，就像西藏那片净土一样，是我心中难完的梦。浩瀚的星空，明亮闪烁的是你们，而我只是那颗离你们很远很远的暗淡。于是我苦苦地修炼，如同白娘子为了逃出雷峰塔时的努力，一如既往为了心中的梦而辛勤地耕耘。

今夜又是谁在这寂静的夜，用纤纤指尖生成一朵朵优雅的花，散发出淡淡的芬香，弥漫到我的世界，让我在梦中也会微笑着流泪。

本文作者：雨浥梦^[1]